Pattern of Examination

University Examination : (Chemistry Theory) :

There will be two papers of theory at the University examination.

University Paper :

Question - 1 to 5    To be set from each with internal option. Each

                              question will have two sub questions (a) and (b), detailed as under :

                              (a) Theory Question - 6 marks

                              (b) Theory / Problem / Numerical - 6 marks

Question - 6           Will have 10 objective questions. All questions will be compulsory. Each will have one

                              mark.

University Examination : (Chemistry Laboratory course ) :

    (A)        Inorganic Chemistry :                                            2 Hours

             -        Qualitative analysis

             -        18 Marks + 2 Marks (Viva)

    (B)        Organic Chemistry :                                              2 Hours

             -        Organic spotting

             -        18 Marks + 2 Marks (Viva)

    (C)        Physical Chemistry :                                              2 Hours

             -        Chemical Kinetic

                                or

             -        Viscosity / surface Tension / Distribution Law

                                or

             -        Laboratory techniques

             -        18 Marks + 2 Marks (Viva)

    (D)        Questions pertaining to Laboratory course (Written test of 5 questions)

             -        5 Marks

    (E)        Journal : 5 Marks.

Standard of passing for the First year B.Sc. Examination :

To Pass the examination candidate must Obtani aggregate 36% of marks in chemistry Theory and also in Laboratory course exercise (Practicals) separately.

PAPER - I CHEMISTRY (Effective From June 2003)

Unit - 1

[A] Atomic Structure

Idea of de Broglie Matter waves, Heisenbergs uncertainty principle, atomic orbitals, Schrodinger wave equation, significance of and ², conditions for acceptable wave function, quantum number, radial and angular wave functions and probability distribution curve, shapes of s,p,f, orbitals. Aufbau and Pauli exclusion principles, Hund's multiplicity rule. Electronic configuration of the elements, effective nuclear charge.

[B] Ionic Solids

Ionic structures, radius ratio effect and coordination number, limitation of radius ratio rule, lattice defects, semiconductors, lattice energy and Born-Haber cycle, solvation energy and solubility of Ionic solids, polarizing and polarisability of ions, Fajan's rule Metallic bond-free electron, valence bond and band theories.

[C] Study of hydrides of boron-diborane and higher boranes, borazines, porphyries, fullerences, carbides, fluorocarbons, silicates (structural principle), tetrasulphur tetranitride, basic properties of halogens, interhalogen compounds and polyhalides.   

Unit - 2 Chemical Kinetics :
Chemical Kinetics and its scope, rate of a reaction, factors influencing the rate of reaction. Concentration dependence of rates, mathematical characteristics of simple chemical reaction - zero order, first order, second order, pseudo order, half life and mean life. (No derivation of equation)
Determination of the order of reaction :
Method of half life period and isolation method. Radioactive decay as first order phenomenon.
Theories of chemical kinetics :
Effect of temperature on rate of reaction, arrhenius equation, concept of activation energy. Simple collision theory based on hard sphere model, transition state theory (equilibrium hypothesis)
Catalysis : Definition, Characteristics of catalyzed reactions, classification of catalysis, miscellaneous example.

Unit - 3 Solutions, Dilute Solutions and colligative Properties :
Ideal and non-ideal solutions, method of expressing concentration of solutions, activity and activity coefficient. Dilute solution, collegative properties, Raoult's law, relative lowering of vapour pressure, molecular weight determination, Elevation of boiling point and depression of F.P. point Experimental Methods for determining various collgative properties. Abnormal moral mass, degree of dissociation and association of solutes.
Computers :
General introduction to computers, different components of a computer hardware and software, input-output devices, binary number and arithmetic, introduction to computer language, Programming, Operating systems.

Unit - 4 Thermodynamics :
Definition of thermodynamic terms, system, surrounding etc. Types of system concept of heat and work.
First Law of Thermodynamics :
Statement, definition of internal energy and enthalphy, Heat capacity, heat capacities at constant volume and pressure and their relationship. Calculation of w.q.dU (dE) & dH for the expansion of ideal gases under isothermal and adiabatic condition for reversible process.
Second Law of Thermodynamics :
Need for the law, different statements of the law, carnot cycle and its efficiency; carnot theorem, Thermodynamics scale of temperature.
Concept of Entropy :
Entropy as state function, entropy as a function of V&T, entropy as a function of P&T, entropy as a criteria of spontaneity and equilibrium. Entropy change in ideal gases and mixing of gases.

Unit - 5 Liquid state :
Intermolecular forces, structure, of liquids (a qualifitative description) structural differences between solids, liquid and gases.
Liquid crystals :
Difference between liquid crystal, solid and liquid. Classification, structure of nomadic and cholestric phases. Thermography and seven segment cell.
Solid state :
Definition of space lattice, unit cell. Law of crystallography - (i) Law constancy of interfacial angles (ii) Law of rationality of indices (iii) Law of symmetry. Symmetry elements in crystals. X-ray diffraction by crystals. Derivation of Bragg equation. Determination of crystal structure of NaCI, KCI and CsCI. (Laue's method and power method).
Mathematical concept :
Logarithmic relations, curve sketching, Linear graph and calculation of slopes differentiation of functions like K_x, e^x, X_n, sinx logx, maxima and minima, practical differentiation, reciprocity relations. Integration of some useful / relevant functions, permutations and combinations, Factorials, Probability.

Note : In 2 to 5 units numerical is compulsory.

PAPER - II CHEMISTRY (Effective From June 2003)

Unit - 1 Structure & Bonding :

Hybridization : Concept, sp3, sp2 and sp hybridization, orbital picture of methane, ethane ethylene and benzene, hybridization and bond properties, bond angles, dipole moment, bond length, bond energy, inductive effect, localized and demoralized chemical bonds, concept of cation resonance, rules for resonance, resonating structures of aniline, phenol, anilinium, phenoxide ion. Chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, etc., stabilization through resonance.

Vander-walls inter action, Vander-wall radii, hyper conjugation, inductive and filed effect (general discussion only). Hydrogen bond - Type of H-bond and their effect on water solubility, boiling point and melting point.

Mechanism of organic reactions :

explanation with proper illustration for curved arrow notation (  ) drowing electron moments woth arrows, half headed (fish hook arrows  ), and double headed arrows (  ) Fission of co-valent bonds - hemolytic and hydrolytic bond breaking (general discussion with illustrations only) 

Types of reagents :   Electrophiles and neucleophilies, their definition and examples.

Types of organic reactions :- general, definition with simple one to two chemical reactions of the following reactions.

(1) Substitution :- Electrophilic and neuclephilic substitution
(2) Addition :- Electrophilic and neuclephilic additions.
(3) Elimination :- General and elimination
(4) Molecular rearrangements :- Explanation with illustrations only.
(5) Molecular reactions :- Explanation of electrolytic and cycloaddition only.

Reactive intermediates :- Following intermediates should be discussed with their definition, orbital picture formation and stability. Carbonations (1⁰, 2⁰, 3⁰ and allyl) carbonations free radicals (1⁰,2⁰,3⁰ and allayl), carbenes arynes (benzyne) nitrenes

Cycloalkanes : Nomenclature, methods of formation (from terminal dihalides, Dieckmann cyclization, addition of carbon to alkenes, reduction of cycloalkence). Chemical properties and stability of cyclo alkanes, Bayers strain theory and its limitations, ring strain in small rings (cyclo propane and cyclobutane), theory of stainless rings, the case of cyclo propane bent bonds.

Unit - 2 Stereo chemistry of organic compound :

Concept of isomerism, types of isomerism (structural isomerismers, conformational isomers and stereoismers - general discussion with definitions and proper examples)

Optical isomerism :  General, discussion of elements of symmetry, molecular chilarity, enationmers, stereogenic centre, optical activity, properties of enantiomers, chiral and achiral molecules with two stereogenic centers, diasteromes, threo and erythro diastereomers, meso compound, resolution of enantionmers (Separation by mechanical, biochemical and chemical method general idea only)

Relative and absolute configuration, R and S system of nomenclature, sequence rules. D & L and R & S systems of
nomenclature.

Geometric isomerism :  Definition, General discussion of geometric isomers and general method of structure determination such as physical methods, dipole moment, E-Z nomenclature simple illustration should be given, geometric isomerism in oximes (only illustrations).

Conformational isomerism : Definition, conformational analysis of ethane, n-butane with rotational or tensional diagram, conformation of cyclohexane, axial and equatorial bonds, conformation of mono substituted cyclo hexane derivatives. Newman projection and show-hirse formula, fisher and flying wedge formula.

Difference between configuration and conformation.

Unit - 3 Alkenes :

Nomenclature, method of formation mechanism of dehydration of alcohols and dehydro halogenations of alkyl halides with mechanisms, regioselectity in dehydration of alcohols Saytzeff rule, Hoffmann elimination, physical properties, relative stabilities and chemical reactions of alkenes - mechanism for hydrogenation, electrophilic and free radical additions (general aspects of electrophilic reaction, markowinkoffs rules, Anti markonankotts rules, polymerisation, epoxidation, ozonolysis, hydration, hydroxylation and oxidation woth KMno₄ Industrial applications of ethane and propane. 

Alkynes : Nomenclature and bonding in alkynes, method of formation, chemical reaction acidity of alkynes, mechanism of electrophilic and neucleophilic addition reaction, metal ammonia reduction, oxidation and polymerization.

Arenas and Aromaticity, Alkyl and Aryl halides :

Arenas : Nomenclature of benzene derivaties, The aryl group, aromatic nucleus and side cjain, structure of benzene.
Aromaticity, the Huckel rule aromatic ions such as. Aromatic electrophilic substitution - gen. pattern of mechanism, role of and complexes. Mechanism of nitration, halogenations, and friedel-Craft reaction. Energy profile diagram, Activating and deactivating substitunts, orientation, side chian reactions of benzene derivatives, Brich-reduction Methods of formation and chemical reaction of alkyl benezenes, (Toluene & Ethyl benzene) and biphenyl.

Alkyl and aryl halides :

Alkyl halides : Nomenclature, methods of formation, chemical reactions Mechanisms of neuclephilic substitution, SN² and SN¹ reactions with energy profile diagrams. poly halogen compounds, chloroform and carbon tetra chloride.

Aryl halides : Methods of formation, nuclear and side chain reactions the elimination addition (Mechanism and illustration only) and aromatic SN². Relative stabilities of alkyl halides vs allyl, vinyl and aryl halide, synthesis and uses of DDT and BHC.

Unit - 4 Chemical Bonding :

[A] Covalent Bond : Valence bond its limitations, directional characteristics of covalent bond, various types of hybridization and shapes of simple inorganic molecules and ions. Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEFR) theory to NH₃, H₃O+, SF₄, CIF₃, ICI₂ and H₂O, MO theory, homonuclear and heteronuclear (CO and No) diatomic molecules, multicenter bonding in electron deficient molecules, bond strength and bond energy, percentage ionic character from dipole moment and electro- negativity difference.

[B] Chemistry of Noble gases ; chemistry of xenon, structure and bonding in xenon compounds.

[C] Chemistry of Al and Ge.

Unit - 5 [A]  Periodic properties :

Atomic and ionic radii, ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity - definition, methods of determination or evaluation, trends in table and applications in predicting and explaining the chemical behavior.

[B] S-block elements :

Comparative study, diagonal relationships, salient features of hydries, solvation and complexatio  tendencies including their function in biosystems, and introduction to alkyls and aryls.

[C] P-block elements :

Comparative study (including diagonal relationship) of groups 13-17 elements, compounds like hydrides, oxides, oxyacids and halides of groups 13-16

LABORATORY COURSE (INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY)

This syllabus is to be completed by assigning two Laboratory sessions per week, each of three hours. Total Laboratory work is 180 Hrs/Year (6 Hrs/Week) or 30 weeks.

The number of students in the laboratory batch should not exceed fifteen (15). The medium of instruction will be English in Laboratory course.

Inorganic chemistry :

Semi micro Analysis - Cation analysis, separation and identification of ions from group I,II,III,IV,V and VI. Anion analysis like CI^-,Br^-,I^-,No₃-,No₂-,SO₄-2,SO₃-2,S^-2,CrO₄-2,CO₃-2 and PO₄-3 candidates should perform the analysis of at least 10 compounds and at least 5 mixtures of compounds. (Having one water solubie and one water insoluble component Demonstration Compulsory for Journal)

Organic chemistry :

Identification of organic compound through the functional group analysis, determination of melting point preparation of suitable derivaties. 

List of Compounds :

Benzoic acid, Cinnamic acid phthalic acid, oxalic acid, phenol, ( ) and ( ) naphthol, Toluene, Acetone, Acetophenone, Benzopheone, Anthracene, Naphthalene, Methyl Acetate, Ethyl Acetate, Diphenyl amine, methyl-aniline, (p)-toludine, ( )- napthyl amine, Nitrobenzene, m-dinitrobenzene, Acetamide, Benzamide, Acetanilide, Urea, Thiourea, Cholrofrom, chlrobenzene, bromebenzene. Benzaldchyde, Aniline, citric acid, succinic acid, glycerol.

Note : Minimum 5 liquid + 10 solids.

Chemical Kinetics :

1.    To determine the specific reaction rate of hydrolysis of methyl acetate/ethyl acetate, catalyzed by hydrogen ions at room temperature

2.    To study the effect of acid strength on hydrolysis of an esster.

3.    To compare the strength of HCI and H₂SO4 by studying the kinetics of hydrosis of ethyl acetate.

4.    To study kinetically reaction rate of decomposition of iodine by H₂O₂.

Distribution Law :

1.    To study the distribution of iodine between water and CCI₄.

Viscosity, surface Tension :

1.    To determine the viscosity of different mixtures of Liquid A and B. Find the unknown mixture of Liquid A+B.

2.    To determine viscosity of amyl alcohol in water at different concentration and calculate the excess viscosity of these solution.

3.    To determine the percentage composition of a given binary mixture by surface tension method. (acetone and ethyl methyl ketone).

Laboratory Techniques :

1.    Calibration of fractional weights, pipettes and burettes, Thermometer.

2.    Simple distillation of ethanol-water mixture using water condenser.

3.    Mixed melting point determination : Urea - cinnamic acid mixture of vastious composition (1:4, 1:1, 4:1 etc.)

Demonstration exercise :

1.    General introduction to computers, different components of a computers. Its function and operating system.

Journal : If Journal is incomplete and not certified by authority the candidate should not be allowed to appear at the Uni. Examination.

Books Suggested :

[INORGANIC]

1. Chemical Binding, Mark J. Winter, Oxford Chem. Series.
2. Concepts and Problems in inorganic Chemistry, M.S. sethi & P.S. Raghavan, Discovery Publ. New Delhi.
3. Textbook of Inorganic Chem., P.L. Soni, S.Chand & Sons.
4. College Inorganic Chemistry, Part-I, II., Himalaya Publishing House.
5. Concise Inorganic Chemistry, J.D. Lee, ELBS.
6. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Cotton & willkinsion, Inter science Publishers John Wiley.
7. Modern Approach to Inorganic Chemistry, Bell & Lott, Butterworth
8. Basic Inorganic Chemistry, F.A. Cotton & Wilkinson, Willey.
9. Valency & Molecular Structure, Cartmell & Fowles, Butterworth.
10. Atomic structure and Chemistry bind, Manas chanda, Tata Mcgraw Hill.
11. Concept of Models of Inorganic Chemistry, B. Douglas, McDanjel and J.Alexander, Wiley
12. Modern Aspects of Inorganic Chemistry, H.J. Emeleus & A.G. Shaepe.
13. Chemisty of P.Block Elements, M.Satake & S.A. Iqbal, Dicovery Publi.
14. Inorganic Chemistry, R.T. Sanderson, East. west, press.
15. P.Block Elements, M.G. Arora, Anmol Public.
16. S.Block Elements, M.G. Arora, Anmol Public.
17. Inorganic chemistry, D.E. shriver, P.W. Atkins and C.H. Langrord, Oxford.
18. Inorganic chemistry, Alan G. sharp, Addisowesley.
19. Inorganic chemistry, W.W. Porterfield, Addision Wesley.
20. Inorganic Chemistry, G.L. Miessler & D.A. Tarr, Perntice Hall.

[ORGANIC]

1. Organic Reactions and their mechanirms, P.S. Kalsi, New Age international Publishers.
2. Text book of organic chemistry, P.S. Kalsi, Age international Publishers.
3. Organic chemistry Vol. I,II, S.M. Mukherji, S.P. Singh, R.P.Kapoor, New Age International Publishers.
4. Modern Organic chemistry, S.P. Shukla, G.l. Trivedi, Millenium edition.
5. Elementry Practical organic chemistry Part-I,II,III, Arthur I. Vogel. (2nd edition) CBS Publishers & Distributors.

[Laboratory course]

1.    Vogel's Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, revised, Svehla, Orient Longman.

2.    Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis (revised), J.Bassett, R.C. Denney, G.H. Jeffery and J.Mendham, ELBS.
3.    Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis, W.W. Scott, The Technical Press.

4.    Experimental Inorganic Chemistry, W.G. Palmer, Cambridge.

5.    Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. I&II, Brauer, Academic Press.

6.    Inorganic Synthesis, McGraw-Hill.

7.    Experimental Organic chemistry Vol. I&II, P.R. Singh, D.S. Gupta and K.S. Bajpai, Tata McGraw-Hill.

8.    Laboratory Manual in organic chemistry, R.K. Bansal Wiley Eastern.

9.    Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, B.S. Fumiss, A.J. Hannaford, V. Rogers, P.W.G. Smith and A.R.T. Tatchell, ELBS.

10.  Experiments in General Chemistry, C.N.R. Rao and U.C. Agrawal, East-West Press.

11.  Experiments in Physical Chemistry, R.C. Das and B.Behara, Tata McGraw-Hill.

12.  Advanced Practical Physical Chemistry, J.B. Yadav, Goel Publishing House.

13.  Advanced Experimental Chemistry, Vol. I Physical, J.N. Gurtu and R.Kapoor, S.Chand & Co.

14.  Selected Experiments in Physical Chemistry, N.G.Mukherjee, J.N. Ghose & Sons.

15.  Experiments in Physical Chemistry, J.C. Ghose, Bharati Bhavan.