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Bachelor of Science

Second B.Sc.  (Hons.) Physics

Course  P - III

Unit - I 
(a)    Heat and Thermodynamics
    Properties of pure substances : PV Diagram for a pure substance (2.2), P0 Diagram for a pure substance (2.3), PV surface (2.4), Equations of state (2.5), Enthalpy (11.1), The Helmolt'z and Gibb's function (11.2), Two Mathematical Theorems (11.3), Maxwell's equations (11.4), The T-ds equations (11.5), Energy equation (11.6), Heat capacity equations (11.7) (Difference and ratio of heat capacities), The thermal Expansivity (11.9), Compressibility (11.10), Joule-Kelvin effect (Porous plug Experiment) (12.1). Liquefaction of Gases by Joule-Kelvin effect (12.2)
Basic Reference :
Heat and Thermodynamics by Mark W. Zeemansky (5th Edition)
Other References :
1.    University Physics by Sears, Zeemansky and Young. (6th Edition) Narosa Publication, New Delhi.
2.    Treatise on Heat by Saha and Srivastava

(b)    Sound
    Ultra some waves (7.1), Plezo electric effect (7.2), Magnetostriction effect (7.3), Uses of Ultrasonic Waves (7.5), Acoustics of auditoriam, Quality of sound with Fourier analysis (8.1 to 8.13)
Basic Reference :
Sound by V.B.Gohel ( In Gujarati) University Granth Nirman Board, A'bad.
Other Reference :
    1.    Applied Physics by V. R. Doiphode. Pune Vidharthi Grah Park, Pune
   2.    Oscillations, Waves, Acoustics and Optics by R. L. Saihgal, S.Chand & Co. Delhi.

Unit - II :   Optics
(a) Matrix Method in Paraxial Optics
    Introduction (4.1), The matrix method (4.2), Unit planes (4.3), Nodal planes (4.4), A system of two thin lenses (4.5).
Basic Reference :
    Optics by Ajoy Ghatak THM (2nd edition 10th reprint 1999)

(b) Diffraction
    Fresnel's Explanation of the Rectilinear propagation of Light (12.1), Two classes of Diffraction phenomena (12.3), Zone plate (12.9), The Plane diffraction Grating (13.5), The Raylegh's criterion for limit of resolution (14.1), The Resolving power of Grating (14.2), R.P. of telescope (14.6).
Basic Reference :
    Principles of Optics by B. K. Mathur (Revised by T. P. Pandya)  (3rd edition reprint 1985-86)

(c) Polarization
    Double refraction (17.8), Calcite crystal (17.9), Nicol's prism (17.14), Nicol as an analyzer (17.15), Polaroids (17.17), Elliptically and Circularly polarized light (18.1), Quarter and Half wave plates (18.2), Production of Elliptically polarized light (18.3), Production of circularly polarized light (18.4), Babinet's compensator (18.7).
Basic Reference :
Fundamentals of OPTICS by D. R. Khanna & H. R. Gulati (8th edition 1998) R. Chand & Co. Pub.
Other References :
    1.    A Text book of Light    by D. N. Vasudeva, S. Chand & Co.
    2.    Fundamentals of Optics by Jonkin's and White. 

Unit - III :  Solid State Physics
(a) Atomic Cohesion and Crystal Binding
    Cohesion of Atoms (2.1), Primary Bonds (2.2), The Covalent Bond (2.2.1), The Metalic Bond (2.2.2), The Lonic Bond (2.2.3), Mixed Bond (2.2.4), Secondary Bonds (2.3), The Vander wall's Bond (2.3.1), The Hydrogen Bond (2.3.2), The Cohesive Energy (2.4), Lonic Crystal (2.4.1), Noble Gas Crystal (2.4.2), Atomic Radi. Vs Lattice constants (2.5), Elastic constants of crystals (2.6), Elastic Stress (2.6.1), Elastic strain (2.6.2), Dilation (2.6.3), Elastic Compliance and Stiffness constant (2.7), Elastic Energy density (2.7.1), Application to Cubic crystal (2.7.2), Bulk Modulus and compressibility (2.7.3).

(b) Thermal Properties of Solids
    Classical lattice Heat capacity (5.1), Quantum Theory of Lattice Heat capacity (5.2), Einstein Model (5.2.2), Phonon Density of states (5.2.3), Debye continuum Model (5.2.4), An harmonic Effects (5.3), Thermal Expansion (5.3.1), Phonon collision processes (5.3.2), Phonon Thermal Conductivity (5.3.3)
Basic Reference :
Elements of Solid State Physics. (2003) by J. P. Srivastava, PHI.
Other References :
    1.    Introduction to Solid State Physics by C. Kittel, Wilay Estarn, Delhi.
    2.    Solid State Physics by Saxena, Pragati Prakasion.
    3.    Solid State Physics by C. M. Kachhawa

Unit - IV
(a) Kinetic Theory of Gases
    Distribution of Velocities (3.16), Deduction of Maxwell - Boltzmann law (3.17), Determination of the values of constants 'a' and 'b' (3.18), Average Velocities (3.20), Particles having degrees of freedom other than translation (3.23), Degrees of freedom (3.24), Boltzman extension of Maxwell's Law (3.25), Law of Equipartition of kinetic energy (3.26), Mean free path Phenomenon : Mean free path and Collision probability (3.29), Expressions for mean free path (3.31).

(b) Transport Phenomenon
    Non Equilibrium Gases and their Properties (3.34), Viscosity (3.35), Conduction (Thermal Conductivity) (3.39), Diffusion (3.40).

(c) Brownian Motion
    Reality of molecular Motions (3.14), Vertical Distribution of particals in an Emulsion under tha action of gravity (3.44), Einstein's Theory (3.46).
Basic Reference :    Treatise on Heat by Saha and Srivastava (4th Edition IPP Allahbad & Culcutta - 1958)
Other References :
1.    Heat and Thermodynamics by Zeemansky.
2.    Statistical Mechanics and Properties of Matter by E S R Gopal.

Unit - V     Statistical Mechanics
(a) Macroscopic and Microscopic states
   Macroscopic States (4.1), Microscopic States (4.2), Phase Space (4.3),  - Space (4.4),  T-Space (4.5), postulate of equal a priori probability (4.6)

(b) Statistical Ensembles
    Micro canonical ensemple (5.1), Canonical ensemble (5.2), Alternative method for the derivation of canonical distribution (5.3), Mean value and Fluctuations (5.4), Grand canonical Ensemble (5.5), Alternative Derivation of Grand canonical Distribution.

(c) Some Application of Statistical Mechanics
    Thermodynamics (6.3), Reversible and Irreversible processes (6.3.1), The Laws of Thermodynamics (6.3.2) ((i) Zeroth (ii) First Law (iii) Second Law), Statistical interpretation of the basics thermodynamic variable (6.4, 6.4.1, to 6.4.8), Thermodynamics functions in terms of grand partition function (6.7), Ideal gas (6.8), Gibbs's Paradox (Inclusive Sackur-Tetrode equation) (6.9), The equipartition theorem (6.10)
Basic Reference :
Fundamentals of Statistical Mechanics by B. B. Laud. New Age International Publisher (copy right 1998)
Other reference :
Statistical Mechanics and Properties of Matter by E.S.R.Gopal.

Course P - IV

Unit - I  Electrostatics And Magnetostatics

(a) Electrostatics in Dielectric
    The Torque and the Force on the Dipole in an External Field (10.4), Atomic and Molecular Dipoles, Included Dipole Moments (10.5), permanent Dipole Moments (10.6), The Electric field caused by polarized Matter (10.7), A Dielectric Sphere in a Uniform Field (10.10), The Field of a charge in a Dielectric Medium and Gauss's law (10.11), A Microscopic view of the Dielectric (10.12)

(b) Magnetostatics
    Electric current and current Density (4.1), Steady currents and charge conservation (4.2), Electrical Conductivity and Ohm's Law (4.3)
    Defination of the Magnetic Field (6.1), Some Properties of the Magnetic Field (6.2), Vector Potential (6.3), Field  of any current-carrying wire (6.4), Field of Rings and Coils (6.5), Electric Conduction in Magnetic Field (6.6), Electric conduction in a magnetic field (Hall Effect) (6.9)
    The field of a current loop (11.9), The Force on Dipole in an External Field (11.4), Magnetic Susceptibility (11.7)

Basic Reference :
Electricity and Magnetism Berkeley Physics course Vol-II by Edward M Purcell McGraw Hill Pub.
Other Reference :
Electricity and Magnetismby Maharajan and Rangwala, THM

Unit - II   Electronics
(a) Resonance
    Parallel resonance or Anti resonance (2.4), Currents in antiresonance (2.6), Band Width of antiresonant circuit (2.8)
Basic Reference :
Networks, Lines and Field by J.D.Ryder (PHI) (2nd Edition)

(b) Digital Electronics
    Introduction (21.1), Number systems use in Digital Electronics (21.2), The Binary Number System (21.2.2), Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates (21.5), The and Operation (21.5.1), The OR Operation (21.5.2), The NOT Operation (21.5.3), Universal Building Blocks (21.6) (With construction of AND, OR, NOT Gate using NAND & NOR), Laws of Boolean Algebra and their conversion into Logic diagram (21.7.1), Reducing Boolean expressions (21.7.2)
Basic Reference :
Hand book of Electronics by Gupta & Kumar 30th Revised Edition, 2002 Pragati Prakashan, Meerut.

(c) Computer
    Importance of computer (1.1), History of computer (1.2), Types of computer (1.3), Classification of computer (1.4), Computing concept (1.5), Input devices (1.6), Processing unit (1.7), Output Device (1.8), External storage Device (1.9), Driving the computer : The Software (1.10), Programming Languages (1.11), Common High Level Languages (1.12), Program Execution mode (1.13), Interactive computing (1.14), Using the computer (1.15)
Basic Reference :
Programming in Basic by E. Balaguruswami (THM) (3rd Edition)

Unit - III   Electronics
(a) Transistors And Amplifiers
    Junction Transistor (4.17), Transistor current components (4.18), Detailed Transistor Leakage currents (4.18.1), Characteristics of Transistor (4.19), C.B. Configuration static characteristics (4.19.1), C.E. Configuration static characteristics (4.19.2), Load Line (4.21), Operating point (4.22)
    Bias Stabilisation (Operating point stabilisation) (8.7, 8.7.1 & 8.7.2), Stability factor (8.8), Stabilization by potential divider and Emitter resistor (8.10)
    Transistor as a four pole (9.2), Impendance parameters or Z-parameters (9.3) (Only parameter's definations), Y-parameters (9.4), h-parameters with h-parameters equivivalent circuit (9.5 complete)
Basic Reference :
Hand book of Electronics by Gupta & Kumar 30th Revised Edition, 2002 Pragati Prakashan, Meerut.

(b) Solid State devices
    Tunnel Diode (7.7.3), Photodiode (7.7.4), LED (7.7.6), JEET (12.1 to 12.6), UJT (26.6, 26.6.1 to 26.6.3)
Basic Reference :
Electronics & Radio Engineering by M. L. Gupta (9th Edition reprint 2002) D. Raj & Sons Delhi.
Other References :  (For Unit - II & III)
1.    Electronic Devices and Circuit    by A. Mottershead              Prentice - Hall of India.
2.    Integrated Electronics              by Millman & Halkias
3.    Network Analysis                     by G. K. Mithal Khanna Pub., Delhi
4.    Digital Principle & Application      by A. P. Malvino & Leach

Unit - IV   Modern Physics
Orbital and Magnetic Dipole Moment (4.1), Space quantaisation (4.3), Electron spin (4.4), Vector model of atom (4.5), Spectroscopic notation (4.6), Stern Gerlach Experiment (4.7), Pauli's Exclusion Principle (4.8)
Basic Reference :
Atomic & Molecular spectra by Rajkumar Kedarnath Prakashan Meerut
Zeeman Effect, Normal Zeeman Effect and anomalous Zeeman Effect, Lande 'g' factor (with equation of frequences of spectrum lines) Paschan back effect. Stark effect (without derivation), Intensity and width of spectral lines.
(Chap. - X, Page 662 to 673, 676 to 680)
Basic Reference :
Atomic Physics by J. B. Rajam (5th Edition-1960) S. Chand & Co. Delhi
Other Reference :  Spectroscopy Vol-I Walker & Straw

Unit - V  Nuclear Physics
(a) The constituents of the Nucleons and some of its Properties
    Introduction (4.1.1), Rutherford Scattering and Estimation of the nuclear size (4.1.2), Measurement of the Nuclear Radius (4.1.3), The Constituents of the Nucleons and their Properties (4.1.4), Nuclear Spill, Moments and Statistical (4.1.5)

(b) Detectors
    introduction (1.1.1), Interaction between Particles and Matter (A Brief Survey) (1.1.2), Detectors for Nuclear Particles (1.1.3), (i) Proportional Counter (ii) Geiger Counter (iii) Scintillation Counter (iv) Semiconductor detectors, Particle Accelerators (1.1.4), Need for an Accelerator of Charged particles - (i) The Cyclotron (ii) Synchrotron (iii) Betatron

(c) The Q-Equation
    Introduction (3.1), Types of Nuclear Reactions (3.2), The Balance of Mass and Energy in Nuclear Reactions (3.3), The Q-Equation (3.4), Solution of the Q-Equation (3.5)
Basic Reference :
Nuclear Physics by S. B. Patel New Age Int. Ltd. Publisher
Other References :
    1.    Elements of Nuclear Physics by M. L. Pandya & R. P. S. Yadav Kedarnath Ramnath Meerut
    2.    Nuclear Physics by Kaplan

Course P - V

Unit - I   Classical Mechanics
(a) Mechanics of a system of particles
    Mechanics of a system of particle (3.5), Motion of system with variable mass (3.6)

(b) Motion in a central force field
    Equivalent One body problem (5.1), Motion in a central force field (5.2), General features of the motion (5.3), Motion in a inverse square law force field (5.4), Equation of the orbit (5.5), Kepler's Laws of planetary motion (5.6)

(c) Moving Co-ordinate System
    Rotating Co-ordinate system (9.2), The Cariolis Force (9.3), Motion on the earth (9.4), Effect of cariolis force on a free falling particle (9.5)
Basic Reference :
Introduction to Classical Mechanics by Takwale & Puranik Tata McGraw Hill Publication
Other Reference :
Classical Mechanics by H. Goldstein Narosa Pub. (3rd Edition)

Unit - II   Quantum Mechanics
(a) Physical Interpretation and Condition on
    Normalization and probability Interpretation (2.4), Non-Normalization Wave functions and Box Normalization (2.5), Conservation of Probability (2.6), Expectation values, Ehrenfest's Theorem (2.7), Admissibility Condition on the Wave function (2.8)

(b) Stationary States and Energy Spectra
    Stationary states : The time independent Schrodinger Equation (2.9), A particle in a square well potential (2.10), Bound States in a square well (E>0) (2.12), Square potential Barrier (2.13), Multiple potential wells, Splitting of Energy levels,. Energy Bands (2.14) (a) The Wave function : Transfer across potential well
Basic Reference :
    A Text Book of Quantum Mechanics by Mathews and K. Venkatesan Tata McGraw Hill Publication
Other Reference :
1.    Quantum Mechanics by John L. Powell and Bernd Crasemann
2.    Quantum Mechanics by Ghatak and Loknath
3.    Quantum Mechanics by Schiff

Unit - III     Mathematical Physics
(a) Fourier series
    Introduction (7.1), Periodic functions (7.2), Application of Fourier series (7.3), Average values of a function (7.4), Fourier Co-efficient (7.5), Diriclet's conditions (7.6), Complex form of Fourier series (7.7), Other interval even and odd function (7.8), Perseval Theorem (7.11), Fourier integral and Fourier transform (Appendix C-28 from L. A. Pipes), Group velocities.

(b) Co-ordinate Transformation :
    Curvilinear Coordinates (10.6), Scale factors and basis vectors for orthogonal systems (10.7)
Basic References :
1.    Mathematical method for physical sciences by M. L. Boss John Wiley publication.
2.    Mathematical methods for Engineer and Physicist by L. A. Pipes Tata Mc-Graw Hill publication
Other Reference :
Mathematical Physics by B. D. Gupta

Unit - IV
(a) Relativity
    Introduction Frame of reference, Galilean Transformation, velocity transformation, Michelson-Morley experiment, Lorntz-Fitzgerzld Contraction, Special Theory of relativity, Lorentz Transformation, Relativity of length (Contraction of length), Relativity of time (Time Dilation), Relativistic addition of velocities, Variation of mass with velocity, Some useful relativistic formulae.
Basic Reference :
Mathematical Physics by B. D. Gupta
Other Reference :
Concept of Modern Physics by Besier McGraw - Hill

(b) Sun and Solar Radiation
    Introduction (1.1), Astronomical background (1.2), general description of the sun (1.3), Solar structure (1.4), Sun's outer layers (1.5), Composition (1.6), Visible features on the sun (1.7), ore about sun's outer atmosphere (1.8), Temperature of the corona (1.9), Solar activity and Sunspot cycles (1.10)
Basic Reference :
An Introductory Course on Space Science and Earth's Environment by S. S. Degaonker (Gujarat University, Publication, Ahmedabad)

Unit - V   Plasma Physics
(a) The Basic concepts
    Introduction (1.1), Composition and Characteristics of a Plasma (1.2), Collisions (1.3), Elastic collisions (1.3.1), Inelastic collisions (1.3.2), Surface Phenomena (1.4), Transport Phenomena (1.5), Diffusion and Mobility (1.6), Viscosity, Conductivity (1.7), Recombination (1.8), Ohm's law (1.9), Gas Discharge (1.10), Composition of various natural and Man-made Plasma (1.11), Plasma diagnostics (1.12), Plasma waves and Inutilities Confinement of Plasma (1.13), Space Plasma (1.14).

(b) Motion of charge and velocity in Magnetic and Electric Field
    Microscopic and macroscopic description (2.1), Maxwell's equation and Charge Conservation (2.2), Motion of charge particle in electric and magnetic fields (2.3), Uniform magnetic field and Oscillating electric field (2.4), Draft Velocity in a gravitational field (2.5), Magnetic field varying in Space and time adiabatic invariance of the magnetic moment (2.6), Inhomogeneous magnetic gradient drift and curvature drift (2.7), peculiarity of drift motion (2.8), Converging magnetic field, magnetic mirror (2.9), Latitudinal adiabatic invariant (2.10), Periodic Magnetic field - Gyro - Relation Effect (2.11), Motion of magnetic lines of force (2.12)
Basic Reference :
Elements of Plasma Physics by S. N. Goswami New Central book Agency (P) Ltd., Calcutta.
Other References :
1.    Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion Vol.-I by F. F. Chen.
2.    Plasma Physics by S. N. Sen.

Practical P - III

1.    Coaxial Viscometer
2.    Estimation of temperature of sodium flame
3.    Lemda of sodium light using Biprism
4.    To determine wave length of bright lines of mercury light using grating.
5.    R. P. of Telescope
6.    Resonance pendulum. Determination of 'lo', 'r' & 'a'
7.    Searl's Goneometer. Determination of cardinal points and 'do'
8.    To determine focil of zone plate
9.    To study elliptically polarized light using photocell and quarter wave plate.
10.   Kundt's tube. Determination of 'y'
11.   Optical Lever
12.   Use of PC : Practical study of the function of different operating systems. Computing the results by
       using experimental data and solving simple numerical problem using BASIC language.

Practical P - IV

1.    Constants of B. G. using standard solenoid.
2.    Study of B. G. : To determine current sensitivity, volt sensitivity, figure of merit and Rg of B. G.
3.    Absolute value of capacity using B.G. or S.G.
4.    High resistance by equal deflection method.
5.    Comparison of capacity (C1/C2) by Desauty method
6.    Low resistance by Carry foster bridge
7.    To determine self inductance using Anderson bridge.
8.    To determine low value of 'C' using Schering bridge.
9.    To determine dielectric constant of liquid.
10.   e/m by Thomson method
11.   To determine lemda using Hetrzmann formula
12.   To Determine platau of G.M. Tube.

Practical P - V

1.    Characteristics of a C.B. Transistor (PNP)
2.    Frequency response of a R-C Coupled C.E. Amplifier.
3.    Characteristics of JFET & Determination µ, rd, gm
4.    Characteristics of UJT & Determination of RBB, Vd & n
5.    Characteristics of Tunnel diode (forward & Reverse)
6.    Characteristics of a Photodiode
7.    To measure h-parameters of transistors using C.E.configuration
8.    To study Parallel Resonance with frequency variation
9.    To verify Demorgan's Theorems using IC-7400
10.   To study AND, OR, NOT, NAND & NOR gates.
11.   Determination of Hank constant 'h' using Photocell.
12.   Absorption co-efficient of liquid using photocell.      

                                                         B. Sc. (Three Year Degree Course)
    The Proposed New Course in PHYSICS is based on Model curriculum of the University Grant Commission for under graduate classes are redesigned in accordance with New Education Policy.
Objectives :
1.    To update course contents by introductory recent development in PHYSICS to ensure the students of
       this country do not have any academic disadvantages over their counter part's overseas.
2.    To meet the growing demands of specialization and advanced courses in applied and pure science.
3.    To help the colleges to update and modernize their laboratories.
                                    Physics syllabus for the B. Sc. (Physics) students
                                                                                S.Y.B.Sc.
    "Each paper of the theory and practical is to be completed by assigning six periods per week (3 periods for the theory per paper and 3 periods for practicals per paper per batch) of 55 minutes."
    The number of student in a practical batch should not exceed Fifteen

PATTERN OF EXAMINATION
   There will be three courses in theory and three practicals in the university examination. The pattern will be as follows :

*    The syllabus of each course has been divided into 5 units.
*    One question must be set from each unit with internal option.
*    As far as possible, proportionate weightage of the marks should be given to different sub-unit (heads) of
      each unit.
*    Each question will have 3 sub question. (a), (b) and (c) detailed as under
(a)    Theory question                         6 Marks
(b)    Theory question                         4 Marks
(c)    Example / Problem                      4 Marks
        Total Marks of each question       14 Marks

The weightage of the marks given to each unit are as follows :

The weightage of the marks given to each unit are as follows :

The weightage of the marks given to each unit are as follows :