M. Sc. Part - I (Microbiology)
(with Effect From June - 2009)
The scheme of M. Sc. - I (Microbiology) shall comprise three theory papers and one practical as shown under :
M. Sc. Previous :
MB101 Cell Biology, Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology 100 Marks
MB102 Biodiversity and Environmental Biotechnology 100 Marks
MB103 Analytical technique and & Professional practices in Microbiology 100 Marks
Practical – I 150 Marks
Total: 450 Marks
MB101 Cell Biology, Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
Section I
Unit 1 Cell Biology I
1. Evolution of Life, Cell theory, Cell types
2. Ultra-structure and function of bacterial cell organelles: cell wall, cell membrane, flagella, pilli, capsule, mesosome and nucleus; Ultra-
structure and functions of fungal cell
3. Major structural and functional features of eukaryotic cell: cell wall, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, mitochondria,
chloroplast, lysosome, nucleus, microtubules, peroxisomes and vacuoles
4. Structure and organization of chromatin, polytene and lamphbrush chromosome
5. Intracellular compartments: protein sorting secretory and endocytic pathway
Unit 2 Cell Biology II
1. Mechanism of eukaryotic (mitosis and meiosis) and prokaryotic cell division ; Cell cycle
2. Cell differentiation; cell-cell Interaction; cell communication
3. Characteristics of cancerous cell and malignant growth
4. Dosage compensation and sex determination and sex linked inheritance
5. Aging (Apoptosis)
Unit 3 Biochemistry I
1. Basics of Chemistry for biologist
2. Principles of thermodynamics and bioenergetics
3. Carbohydrates : Characteristics and types of carbohydrates; metabolism of carbohydrates (EMP, ED,PPP, TCA etc. ), Gluconeogenesis and
glyoxylate cycle
4. Amino acids : Characteristics and types of Amino acids; Biosynthesis and catabolism, protein turn over
5. Lipids : Characteristics and types of Lipid; lipid metabolism : biosynthesis of fatty acids and lipids, catabolism of fatty acids and other lipids
6. Nucleotide metabolism : Characteristics and types of Nucleic acids; Biosynthesis and catabolism of purines and pyrimidines
7. Respiration: Bacterial and mitochondrial respiration; oxidative phosphorylation
Section II
Unit 4 Biochemistry II
1. Metabolic diversity: Photosynthesis in plant and microorganisms; Methanogenesis and acetogenesis; Nitrogen fixation, Ammonia assimilation,
Nitrification and Denitrification; Hydrocarbon transformation
2. Secondary metabolism : Characteristics, Product and regulation of secondary metabolites
3. Enzymology : An Introduction to Enzymes; How Enzymes Work; Enzyme Kinetics as an Approach to Mechanism; Enzyme inhibition; Examples
of Enzymatic Reactions; Regulatory Enzymes; Multi enzyme system
Unit 5 Genetics and Molecular biology I
1. Mendel’s discoveries; Chromosomal theory of Heredity; Gene linkage and crossing over; Chromosome mapping; Concept of gene prokaryotic
and eukaryotic gene structure; genetic code
2. Organization of genome in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and cell organelles
3. DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; DNA amplification and rearrangement
4. Gene transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; post transcriptional modification
5. Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; post translational modifications; protein processing
Unit 6 Genetics and Molecular biology II
1. Gene Regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; attenuation and antitermination; Operon concept; DNA methylation; Hetrochromatztion;
Transpostion; regulatory sequences and transacting factor environmental regulation of gene expression; Phage strategies of gene regulation
2. Molecular basis of DNA Damage and repair; Isolation of mutant; Molecular basis of homologous and site specific Recombination
3. Extra-chromosomal elements : Plasmids, transposones Phage Mu
4. Signal transduction, Gradients, cascades and signaling pathway
5. Molecular biology of cancer; oncogenes; chemical carcinogenesis; Genetic and metabolic disorders; Genetic load and genetic counseling
References Books :
1. Alberts, Molecular Biology of Cell,
2. Benjamin Lewin, Gene
3. Cupper, The cell
4. David white, The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes
5. De Robertis and De Robertis, Cell and Molecular Biology,
6. J. D. Watson, Molecular Biology of the Genes.
7. Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry
8. Malacinski, Essential of molecular biology
9. Maloy, Microbial genetics
10. Nicholes, Fundamentals of Enzymology
11. Prescott, Microbiology
12. R. M. Atlas, Principles of Microbiology
13. R. M. Twymen, Advances in Molecular Biology
14. Strickberger, Genetics.
15. Stryer, Biochemistery
16. Syndeer and Champness. Molecular genetics of bacteria
17. Trevor Palmer, Understanding Enzymes
18. Voet and Voet, Bichemistery
List of Experiments
1. Simple staining and negative staining,
2. Gram’s staining and Acid fast staining
3. Speical staining : Cell wall staining, Capsule staining, Spore staining, Flagella staining, Metachromatic granule staining, Nucleus staining
4. Polytene chromosome
5. Mitosis and Meiosis
6. Study of plant cell and animal cell
7. Demonstration of bar body and drum stick
8. Isolation of mitochondria
9. Isolation of chloroplast
10. Ultraviolet irradiation survival curve
11. Fluctuation test, rapid - plate technology.
12. Isolation of auxotrophic
13. Isolation Respiratory deficient
14. Isolation of temperature sensitive mutant
15. Isolation of streptomycin mutant by gradient plate technique
16. Estimation of carbohydrates ( Coles, DNS and Anthron method)
17. Estimation proteins ( Folin, Bradford and Biurates)
18. Estimation of lipid
19. Estimation of inorganic phosphorus
20. Estimation of inorganic nitrogen
21. Determination of Km and V max for Enzyme
22. Enzyme inhibition study
MB102 Biodiversity and Environmental Biotechnology
Section I
Unit 1 Concept of Biodiversity
1. Biodiversity Basics; Biodiversity: Origin, speciation and extinction and ecological role of biodiversity; Types of biodiversity: alpha, beta, and
gamma diversity
2. Techniques for molecular identification: Morphological methods, Biochemical, serological, Molecular methods, Fatty acid profiling, metabolic
fingerprinting ( Biolog ), DGGE and TGGE
3. Taxonomy methods: Taxonomy and classification: Taxonomic Hierarchies; Classical approach to classification; Numerical taxonomy; Molecular
taxonomy; modern methods of taxonomy and systematic.
Unit 2 Overview of Eukaryotic Biodiversity
1. Overview of plant biodiversity: Taxonomic criteria of classification; Classification system; Distinguishing and significant characteristics of
representative group
2. Overview of animal biodiversity : Taxonomic criteria of classification; Classification system; Distinguishing and significant characteristics of
representative group
3. Mycology : Taxonomic criteria of fungal classification; Distinguishing and significant characteristics of Mastigomycotina, Ascomycotina,
Basidiomycotina, Zygomycotina and Deuteromycotina; Fungal growth and differentiation;
4. Protozoa: Structure, classification, reproductive strategies and economic importance;
5. Algae : structure, classification, reproductive strategies and economic importance; algal ecology ; lichens
Unit 3 Overview of Prokaryotic Biodiversity
1. Phylogeny of microbial diversity: Evolution of Diverse microbial species; Microbial phylogy : Phylogenetic groups of Bacteria, Archaea and
Eukaryotes
2. Differential characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Azotobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,
Myxobacteria, Corynebacteria, Chlamydia, Rickettesias, Mycoplasma and Actinomycetes
3. Archaebacteria : Phenotypes of Archea : Methanogenic bacteria, extremophiles : thermophilic, halophilic bacteria; Cell structure &
composition; Eco-physiology; Taxonomy & nomenclature; Salient features of representative group
4. Virology : Structure, classification, cultivation and economic importance of plant viruses and animal viruses; Structure, classification,
cultivation and economic importance of Bacteriophage; Viroids; Prions
Section II
Unit 4 Environment Biotechnology Essentials
1. Introduction to environment and its component ; Principles of ecology; Concept of ecosystem; abiotic and biotic components;
2. Environmental pollution: air, water, marine, land, noise, and solid waste pollution;
3. Environmental Sample collection, processing and indicator microorganisms
4. Environmental Impact Assessment, Risk Assessment, Environmental auditing & public hearing
Unit 5 Eco friendly Bioprocess
1. Biofertilizers : Growth promotion by Free living bacteria, Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms, microorganism to enhance Nitrogen fixation,
2. Bio-control of pathogens: Siderophores, antibiotics, enzyme, ice Nucleation and antifreeze Proteins, microbial insecticides : toxin of Bacillus
thuringiensis, Baculoviruses as biocontrol agent
3. Biofuels: Gasohol, Bioconversion of agriculture waste, Hydrogen and electricity
4. Biosurfactant: Microbial production and application
Unit 6 Cleaner Bioprocess
1. Biotechnology of Waste Management : Types and characteristics of wastes; Principles and aim of biological waste treatment;
2. Biochemistry and microbiology of treatments for removal of nitrogen, inorganic phosphorous; Fixed film technologies: Trickling filters, rotation
biological contactors, activated bio-filters, fluidized bed reactors; Suspended growth technologies: activated sludge process; oxidation
ditches, aerated lagoons; Stabilization ponds sludge treatment and disposal; Anaerobic treatments
3. olid waste management
4. Biodegradation: Principles and mechanisms of biodegradation, Biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds (lignin, hydrocarbons, detergents,
dyes and pesticides)
5. Bioremediation: Principle and techniques; in situ solid phase treatment; immobilized cells; Biosorption; bioaccumulation and Co-metabolism;
Bioremediation of oil spills, metal, hazardous wastes
6. Biodeterioration: Principle, microbial mechanism, prevention and control of wood, petroleum, textile, metal, paper, leather and food
Biodeterioration
7. Bioleaching: Principles and application; Biopulping and biobleaching
References Books:
1. Alexoplous, Introductory mycology
2. Bernard R. Glick and Jack J. Pasternak, Molecular biotechnology: principles and application of Recombinant DNA, ASM press.
3. Biswas, Viruses
4. Bruce E. Rittmann and Perry L. Mccarty, Environemntal Biotechnology: Principles and application, McGraw- Hill International
5. Christson, Manual of Environmental Microbiology, ASM press
6. Dubey, Introduction to Fungi
7. Eugenia J. Olguin, Gloria Sanchez and Elizabeth Hernandez, Environmental Biotechnology and Cleaner Bioprocess, Taylor and Francis
8. Flint, Virology
9. Luria, Virology
10. Martine Alexander, Biodegrdation and Bioremediation
11. Peter Morris, Riki Therivel, Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment
12. Prescott, Microbiology
13. R. M. Atlas, Principles of Microbiology
List of Experiments
1. Isolation and identification of bacteria belonging to Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, Pseudomonadaceae family
2. Isolation and identification of industrially important molds and fungi.
3. Isolation of bacteriophage
4. Screening of Extremophiles (Acidophiles / Alkaliphiles / Halophiles/ Psychrophiles / Thermophiles)
5. Study of Protozoan and algal permanent slide
6. Growth curve of E. coli and determination of growth rate and generation time, Effect of pH, temperature, salt and glucose on growth
7. Isolation of xenobiotic (dyes, pesticides) degrading micro organisms
8. Isolation of cellulose degrading microorganism
9. Isolation of hydrocarbon degrading microorganism
10. Study of Bioleaching
11. Study of lignin degrading activities
12. Isolation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria
13. Qualitative and quantitative determination of microbial siderophores
14. Water Analysis: Physicochemical analysis, BOD, COD and microbiological analysis of water
15. Microbiological analysis of air
16. Soil Analysis: Physico-chemical analysis, determination microbial biomass, determination soil enzyme activity
MB103 Analytical technique and & Professional practices in Microbiology
Section I
Unit 1 Analytical techniques I
1. Electrochyemistry : pH and buffers, potentiometric and conductometric titration
2. Principle and application of light, phase contrast, fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, scanning tunneling
microscopy, atomic force microscopy and confocal microscopy; Cytophotometry and flow cytometry; fixation and staining
3. Principle and application of gel- filtration, ion-exchange, affinity chromatography, Thin layer and gas chromatography, High pressure liquid
(HPLC ) chromatography and FPLC
4. Centrifugation: Basic principle and application; Differential, density and Ultracentrifugation
5. Principles of biophysical method used for analysis of biopolymer structure, X ray diffraction, fluorescence, UV,ORD/CD, visible, IR, NMR and
ESR spectroscopy
Unit 2 Analytical techniques II
1. Hydrodynamic methods; Atomic absorption and plasma emission spectroscopy; MALDI- TOF
2. Principle and technique of nucleic acid hybridization and cot curve; sequencing of proteins and nucleic acids; southern , Northern and South-
western blotting technique; Polymerase chain reaction; Methods for measuring nucleic acid and protein interactions
3. Electrphoresis: Principle and application of native, SDS , agarose, 2D gel electrophoresis
4. Principle and applications of tracer technique in biology; Radiation dosimetry ; Radioactive isotopes and half life of isotopes; Effect of
radiation on biological system; Autoradiography; Cerenkov radiation; liquid scintillation spectrometry
5. Biosensors : Principle and application
Unit 3 Research Methodology and Scientific Presentations
1. Characteristic and type of scientific research
2. Research and Experimental design
3. Method of Data collection and Data analysis
4. Scientific Writing : Research proposal, Research Paper, Review paper, Thesis, Conference report, Book review and Project report;
Reference writing, scientific abbreviations
5. Preparation and delivery of scientific presentations
Section II
Unit 4 Professional Practices
1. Concept of Quality control and Assurance in life science research and industry
2. Concept of GMP, GLP, ISO, WHO
3. The Business of biotechnology: Biomarket space, Biotechnology company fundamentals, funding, research development and marketing;
Fundamentals of Biotech business Managements Bio pricing strategies; Green business
4. Bio brand : formulating, Building, Sustaining and Renewing of biobrand
5. Legal and regulatory issues for Biotechnology based business
Unit 5 Biostatics
1. Bio statistics: Definition and scope, collection, classification, tabulation of data and its graphical and diagrammatic presentation
2. Measures of central tendency, dispersion and standard error; Probability distributions: binomial, poisson and normal distribution
3. Statistical significance: Hypothesis testing, types of error, level of significance, Student’s t test, F test and Chi square goodness of fit
4. Simple linear regression and correlation analysis
5. Non parametric tests: Rank test, F-max test, Mann –Whitney (U) test, and Sign test.
6. Popular software packages : SPSS, MINITAB, Met LAB
Unit 6 Computer Application
1. History, development and types of computers; Computer hardware, software and peripheral devices; Computer logics and languages
2. Basic working on DOS, Windows and Linux
3. Introduction to Internet, Biological research on the web
4. General awareness and use of popular software and packages: Microsoft office ( Word, Excel, Power Point, Access And Front Page)
5. Database : Introduction, types and application of database and database management system
References Books:
1. Zar, Biostatistical Analysis.
2. Gibas, Developing Bioinformatics computer skill
3. Peek, Learning unix operating system
4. D.H. Sanders, Computers Today
5. Biotechnology Sources book: Saftey, Good Practice and Regulatory Affairs, Biotol series
6. Yali Friedman, Building Biotechnology: Starting, Managing, And Understanding Biotechnology Companies
7. Garson, G.D, Guide to write scientific papers
8. Sharma B K, Instrumental method of chemical analysis
9. D.A. Skoog, Instrumental methods of analysis
10. Plumner, An introduction to practical Biochemistry
11. Chatwal and Anand, Instrumentation
12. Boyer, Modern experimental Biology
List of Experiments
1. Standard operation procedure and validation of autoclave
2. Standard operation procedure and validation of pH meter
3. Standard operation procedure and validation of UV visible spectrophotometer
4. Standard operation procedure and validation of laminar air flow
5. Agarose gel electrophoresis for DNA
6. SDS PAGE analysis for Protein
7. Determination of pK value
8. Separation amino acid by paper chromatography
9. Separation of sugars/ fatty acid by thin layer chromatography
10. Determination of molecular weight of protein by Column chromatography
11. Computation of Mean, Mode and Median
12. Computation of Standard deviation and Co-efficient of variation.
13. Calculation of confidence limit for the population mean.
14. To perform Student's 't' test. (Paired and unpaired)
15. To perform ANOVA.
16. To perform regression and correlation analysis
17. To perform Chi square goodness of fit
18. To perform non parametric tests
19. Application statistical software ( SPSS/ minitab/ metlab)
20. Use of Word, Excel, Power Point, Access and internet
21. Submission of scientific Review in relevant topics