Biotechnology

: F. Y. B. Sc. Bio-Technology :

(IN FORCE FROM JUNE-2009)

Students of F Y B Sc. Biotechnology will study papers I, II and Practical based on these papers. The total theory periods per week are 6 and there are 6 periods per week of Practical. The university examination of each paper is of 3 hours duration. The total marks of 2 papers are 140(70+70) for university examination and 60 marks are reserved for internal examination, presence and assignment work. The university practical examination is of 70 marks and 30 marks for internal evaluation. The annual practical examination is of 7 hours in a single day. The students must record the Practical in the journal as well as in laboratory record book and get it signed by the concerned faculty member. The journal and laboratory record book certified by the head of the department must be produced at the time of university examination for assigning the marks

TEACHING AND EVALUATION SCHEME

PAPER NO	TEACHING SCHEME LECTURES/WEEK		EXTERNAL EVALUATION MARKS		INTERNATIONAL EVALUATION MARKS
	Theory	Practical	Theory	Practical	Theory	Practical
I	3	6	70	70	30	30
II	3		70		30

Examination scheme:

Theory examination: For university and internal examinations for both papers all five units carry equal marks weight age.
Practical examination: For university and internal practical examination all papers carry equal marks weight age.

Paper - I - Introduction To Biotechnology And Cell Biology

Unit 1- Scope of Biotechnology and Biochemical evolution

1.1 Definition, Concept and History of Biotechnology

1.2 Application and Scope of Biotechnology.

1.3 Chemical evolution: Early atmosphere, Formation of early molecules and organic Molecules, Experimental proof of Biological evolution:

Formation of Coacervates, Eobionts and first cell, Evolution of chemoautotroph and phototrophs

1.4 Evolution of Chloroplast and Mitochondria

1.5 Concept of Five kingdom classification

Unit 2- Speciation and Isolation

2.1 Theories of evolution: Charles Darwin, Lamark and Wallace, micro and macro evolution

2.2 Human Evolution: The origin and evolution of primates, Evolution in the genus homo, spread of modern human
2.3 Understanding Species: Concept of Species and Speciation, Morphological and Biological explanation for species, Types of Speciation, Rates

of Speciation

2.4 Isolation: Concept of Isolation, Mechanism of Isolation, Factor responsible for isolation, Types of Isolation, Reproductive Isolation: Types of

Reproductive isolation, Role of Reproductive isolation in species formation

2.5 Adaptation: Concept of Adaptation, Types of Adaptation, Adaptation and redators, Adaptation and Population

Unit 3- Prokaryotic cell structure

3.1 Microscopy: Fundamental of microscope, light microscopy and specimen preparation, Bright field microscopy, Dark field microscopy,

Fluorescence microscopy, Phase contrast microscopy

3.2 Staining: Dyes and stains, purpose of staining, types of dyes and salts, factors affecting staining process, classification of biological stains,

theories of staining, staining techniques for bacteria.

3.3 Morphology of Bacterial cell: Size, shape and arrangement of bacterial cells

3.4 External structure: Flagella, Pili, Fimbriae, Prosthacate

3.5 Boundary layer: Capsule, cell wall , cell membrane.

3.6 Internal cell structures: Mesosome, ribosome, inclusion bodies, nucleoid.

3.7 Dormant forms: Spores and cyst

Unit 4 -Eukaryotic cell structure

4.1 General organization of eukaryotic cell: Plant Cell and Animal Cell

4.2 External structures: Flagella, cilia

4.3 The cell envelope: boundary layer: cell wall, cell membrane (Various Models)

4.4 Internal structures: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, nucleus and nucleolus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Mitochondria, Chloroplast,

Lysosome, Micro bodies (Glyoxysome and Peroxisome)

4.5 Chromosome: Size, shape, types and basic structure of chromosome, euchromatin and heterochromatin, karyotyping

4.6 Giant Chromosome: Polytene chromosome and lamp brush chromosome

Unit 5- Cell cycle and advance studies in cell

5.1 Cell cycle and overview of its regulation and Cancer

5.2 Mitosis and meiosis.

5.3 Apoptosis and cell senescence

5.4 Cell –Cell interaction.

5.5 Endocytosis and exocytosis.

LIST OF EXERCISES:

Exp1 Introduction to lab environment-Safety measures and introduction to lab equipments, glass wares and accessories ,Disposal of laboratory

          waste and cultures
Exp2    Pipettes its types, use and calibration
Exp3    Use to top-loading balances, analytical balances and double pan balances
Exp4    Using and writing standard experiential protocols; Flow chart
Exp4    Microscopy : Simple, compound and phase contrast; Basic components of microscope and their working principle
Exp5    Staining techniques :Simple-Monochrome and Negative Differential- Grams and Acid fast Special-Capsule, Spore, Cell wall, Granule,

Nucleus, Spirochetes

Exp6 Localization of Barr Body

Exp7 Study of Bacterial Motility

Exp8 Study of Salivary Gland chromosome of Dipterian larva-Drosophila or Chironomas Spp.

Exp9 Micrometry: Measurement of given biological sample.
Exp10 Use of Heamocytometer and determination of cell densities of Yeast cell
Exp11 Sub cellular fractionation : Isolation of mitochondria, chloroplast and nuclei

Exp12 Preparation of permanent slides showing different stages of cell division – Meiosis and Mitosis.

Paper-II - Introduction to Biochemistry, Biocomputing and Biostatistics

Unit 1- General biochemistry, water and carbohydrates

1.1 Overview of major elements involved in formation of biomolecules: C,N,P,S,O,H

1.2 Water: chemical composition, role of hydrogen bonds, interactions with polar and non polar molecules, Water as reactivate, ionization of

water, Solvent properties of water and importance

1.3 Buffers: Buffer systems and buffer system of blood, weak acid and weak base, dissociation constant of weak acid and base , pka values and

their importance, pH and pH scale, acid dissociation constant pka and titration curve, Handerson-Hasselbalch equation

1.3 Structure of atoms and molecules and chemical bonds (covalent, ionic, Hydrogen, van der waal’s, hydrophobic). Role of weak interactions in

stability of biomoleculess

1.4 Carbohydrates Monosaccharides: Nomenclature and Classification, Hawarth and fischer projection, reactions of monosaccharide (oxidation-

reduction, esterification, amino derivative, glycoside). Monosaccharide as reducing agent, stereoisomerism, disaccharides formation and its

biological significance

1.5 Poly saccharide : types and biological importance:

Unit 2 -Aminoacids, proteins, lipids and vitamins

2.1 Amino acid: Classification and properties, uncommon amino acids

2.2 Proteins: Primary and secondary structure of proteins

2.3 Overview of tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins

2.4 Lipids: Fatty acids, triglycerol and its importance in storage of energy, structural lipids in membrane, lipids as a signals, cofactors and

pigments

2.5 Vitamins: water soluble and fat soluble vitamins, biological significance of vitamins

Unit 3- Nucleotides and nucleic acid

3.1 Historical prospective of discovery of nucleotides, discovery of DNA as genetic material: Transformation principle, Hershey-Chase experiment,

Avery-Macleod-Mccarty experiment, Chargaff’s rule.

3.2 Structure and chemical properties of nucleotides and nucleosides

3.3 Functions of nucleotides: structural components of nucleic acid, coenzyme, role of nucleotides in energy transfer and as a secondary

messenger

3.4 DNA as double helix: Watson crick model of DNA double helix structure, alternative forms of DNA

3.5 Types of histones and role of histones in packaging of DNA, higher order packaging of DNA

3.6 Types of RNA: m-RNA, t-RNA, r-RNA and other types of RNA

3.7 Biological functions of RNA

3.8 Central dogma of molecular biology

Unit 4- Biocomputing

4.1 History and generations of computer

4.2 Understanding of basic components of computer and its function: hardware and software components of computer.

4.3 Internet and its application in society

4.4 Computer in Biology

Unit 5- Biostatistics

5.1 Definition and scope of Biostatistics: collection, classification and tabulation of data and its graphical and diagrammatic representation

5.2 Measures of central tendency: Mean, mode, median, harmonic and geometric mean

5.3 Measures of dispersion

5.4 Comparison of sample mean by Student’s “t” test and ANOVA

5.5 Chi square analysis.

5.6 Probability distribution: Binomial and Poisson

LIST OF EXERCISES:

Exp1    Preparation of solution
Exp2    Preparation of buffer solution
Exp3    Operation of pH meter and measurement of pH

Exp4    Qualitative tests for carbohydrates
Exp5    Qualitative tests for Amino acids
Exp6    Titration curve of amino acids and determination of pI, pk1 and pk2.

Exp7    Estimation of reducing and non reducing sugars.
Exp8    Estimation of amino acids.
Exp9    Introduction to Window operating system
Exp10   Use and application of Word
Exp11   Excel and PowerPoint

Exp12   Basics of Internet working
Exp13   Arrangement of data in tabulate format using Word and Excel
Exp13   Examples :
             - To calculate Mean, STD and coefficient of variance
             - Frequency distribution
             - Value of confidence limit for the population mean
             - To find out significant difference between the two sets of data (test)
             - To perform analysis of variance (ANOVA), Randomized Block Design (RBD)

LIST OF REFERENCE BOOKS :

1.        Alberts. Molecular Biology of cell. Garland Pub.
2.        Kaufman. Handbook of molecular and cellular methods in biology and science. CRC press.
3.        Boyer. 1999. Concepts of biochemistry. Thomson.

4.        Pagano, 2000, Principle of biostatistics. Thomson.
5.        Starr, 1998, Cell biology and genetics. Thomson.
6.        Mukhopadhyay, Process Biotechnology Fundamental. Viva book
7.        Harmes. Biochemistry 2nd Ed. Viva Books.
8.        Fisher. Chemistry for biologists. Viva Books
9.        Turner. Molecular Biology. Viva Books.
10.      Enger. Concepts in biology. Tata McGraw-Hill.
11.      Iganacimatha. Basic biotechnology.
12.      Das and Mookerjee. Outline of biology.
13.      Roy and De. Cell biology.
14.      Biotechnology, Demystifying the concepts. By David Bourgalze, Alp 2000
15.      Peaceniks & Lamb. 1994. How to write about biology, Longman.
16.      Cindy. From Alchemy to IPO. The business of biotechnology.
17.      Eric. S. Grace. Biotechnology unzipped : Promises and realities
18.      William Bains, Biotechnology from A to Z
19.      Barnum. Biotechnology : An In An Introduction 1999. Brooks Cole Pub. Comp.
20.      Wilson, & Walker. 1905. Principles and techniques of practical Biochemistry
21.      Davidson V.L. & Sittman. 1993. Biochemistry.
22.      Bover. 2001, Modern Experimental block 3/e. Addison.
23.      Becker, 1996. Biotechnology : A laboratory course, Alp
24.      Lanhinger. Principles of biochemistry
25.      Stryer - Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman & Co.
26.      Plumner. An introduction to practical Biochemistry.
27.      J.Jayraman. Lab Manual in Biochemistry
28.      Volkenstein. Biophysics
29.      Cohn and Stumph. Outline of Biochemistry. Wiley eastern.
30.      Zube's Biochemistry. Macmillan
31.      Chirikjian, J.P. 1995 Biotechnology theory and Technique for undergraduate laboratories Vol. 1. Jones and

          Barlett Pub.
32.      Blel & Odian. 1999. Organic and Biochemistry
33.      Tinoco. land other. 1995. Physical chemistry Principles and applications in biological Sciences.

          Prentice-Hall
34.      Paul H. Teesdale & others 2001. Eventual of Biological chemistry. J/W.
35.      Voet Donald. 1999. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, J/W.
36.      Switzer and Gautv. 1995. Experimental Biochemistry WH Freeman.

37 Fundamental of Biochmistry J.L Jain

38 Cell biology, Genetics molecular biology evolution and ecology- P. S . Verma

39 Elementary microbiology by H.A Modi