Syllabus of Master of Pharmacy

HUMAN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, HISTOLOGY & MEDICAL GENETICS

A) GOAL

The students should gain the knowledge and insight into, the functional anatomy of the normal human head and neck, functional histology and an appreciation of the genetic basis of inheritance and disease, and the embryological development of clinically important structures. So that relevant anatomical & scientific foundations are laid down for the clinical years of the BDS course.

B) OBJECTIVES :

a) KNOWLEDGE & UNDERSTANDING:

At the end of the 1st year BDS course in Anatomical Sciences the undergraduate student is

Expected to:

1. Know the normal disposition of the structures in the body while clinically examining a patient and while conducting clinical

procedures.

2. Know the anatomical basis of disease and injury.

3. Know the microscopic structure of the various tissues, a pre-requisite for understanding of the disease processes.

4. Know the nervous system to locate the site of lesions according to the sensory and or motor deficits encountered.

5. Have an idea about the basis of abnormal development, critical stages of development, effects of teratogens, genetic mutations and environmental hazards.

6. Know the sectional anatomy of head neck and brain to read the features in radiographs and pictures taken by modern

imaging techniques.

7. Know the anatomy of cardio-pulmonary resuscitation

b) SKILLS

1. To locate various structures of the body and to mark the topography of the living anatomy.

2. To identify various tissues under microscope.

3. To identify the features in radiographs and modern imaging techniques.

4. To detect various congenital abnormalities.

C) INTEGRATION

By emphasising on the relevant information and avoiding unwanted details, the anatomy taught integrally with other basic sciences & clinical subjects not only keeps the curiosity alive in the learner but also lays down the scientific foundation for making a better doctor, a benefit to the society.

This insight is gained in a variety of ways:

1) Lectures & small group teaching

2) Demonstrations

3) Dissection of the human cadaver

4) Study of dissected specimens

5) Osteology

6) Surface anatomy on living individual

7) Study of radiographs & other modern imaging techniques.

8) Study of Histology slides.

9) Study of embryology models

10) Audio-visual aids

Throughout the course, particular emphasis is placed on the functional correlation, clinical application & on integration with teaching in other bio dental disciplines.

D) AN OUTLINE OF THE COURSE CONTENT

1. General anatomy: Introduction of anatomical terms and brief outline of various systems of the body.

2. Regional anatomy of head & neck with osteology of bones of head & neck, with emphasis on topics of dental importance.

3. General disposition of thoracic, abdominal & pelvic organs.

4. The regional anatomy of the sites of intramuscular & intra vascular injections, & lumbar puncture.

5 . General embryology & systemic embryology with respect to development of head & neck.

6. Histology of basic tissues and of the organs of gastroinstenstinal, respiratory, Endocrine, excretory systems & gonads.

7. Medical genetics.

E) FURTHER DETAILS OF THE COURSE

I. INTRODUCTION TO

1. Anatomical terms.

2. Skin, superficial fascia & deep fascia

3. Cardiovascular system, portal system collateral circulation and arteries.

4. Lymphatic system, regional lymph nodes

5. Osteology - Including ossification & growth of bones

6. Myology – Including types of muscle tissue & innervation.

7. Syndesmology – Including classification of Joints.

8. Nervous system

II. HEAD & NECK:

01. Scalp, face & temple, lacrimal apparatus 02. Neck - Deep fascia of neck, posterior triangle, suboccipital triangle,

anterior triangle, anterior median region of the neck, deep structures in the neck.03.Cranial cavity - Meninges, partsof brain,

ventricles of brain, dural venous sinuses, cranial nerves attached to the brain, pituitary gland.04. Cranial nerves - III, IV, V,VI, VII,

IX,XII in detail.05.Orbital cavity – Muscles of the eye ball, supports of the eye ball, nerves and vessels in the orbit 06.Parotid

gland. 07.Temporo mandibular joint, muscles of mastication, infratemporal fossa, pterygo - palatine fossa.08. Submandibular

region 09. Walls of the nasal cavity, paranasal air sinuses10. Palate 11. Oral cavity, Tongue 12. Pharynx (palatine tonsil and the

auditory tube) Larynx. OSTEOLOGY – Foetal skull, adult skull, individual bones of the skull, hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae

III.THORAX : Demonstration on a dissected specimen of

1. Thoracic wall 2. Heart chambers 3. Coronary arteries 4. Pericardium

5. Lungs – surfaces ; pleural cavity 6. Diaphragm

IV. ABDOMEN : Demonstration on a dissected specimen of

1. Peritoneal cavity 2.Organs in the abdominal & pelvic cavity.

V. CLINICAL PROCEDURES:

a) Intramuscular injections: Demonstration on a dissected specimen and on a living person of the following sites of injection.

1. Deltoid muscle and its relation to the axillary nerve and radial nerve.

2. Gluteal region and the relation of the sciatic nerve.

3. Vastus lateralis muscle.

b) Intravenous injections & venesection: Demonstration of veins in the dissected specimen and on a living person.

1. Median cubital vein 2. Cephalic vein 3. Basilic vein 4. Long saphenous vein

c) Arterial pulsations: Demonstration of arteries on a dissected specimen and feeling of

pulsation of the following arteries on a living person.

1. Superficial temporal 2. Facial 3. Carotid 4. Axillary 5. Brachial 6. Radial

7. Ulnar 8. Femoral 9. Popliteal 10. Dorsalispedis

d) Lumbar puncture: Demonstration on a dissected specimen of the spinal cord, cauda equina & epidural space and the inter

vertebral space between L4 & L5

VI. EMBRYOLOGY

Oogenesis, Spermatogenesis, Fertilisation, Placenta, Primitive streak, Neural crest, Bilaminar and trilaminar embryonic

disc, Intra embryonic mesoderm - formation and fate, notochord formation & fate, Pharyngeal arches, pouches & clefts,

Development of face, tongue, palate, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, salivary glands, and anomalies in their evelopment,

Tooth development in brief.

VII. HISTOLOGY :

1. SNELL (Richard S.) Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students, Ed. 5, Llittle Brown &

The broad goal of the teaching undergraduate students in Physiology aims at providing the student comprehensive knowledge of the

normal functions of the organ systems of the body to facilitate an understanding of the physiological basis of health and disease.

1. Explain the normal functioning of all the organ systems and their interactions for well co-ordinated total body function.

2. Assess the relative contribution of each organ system towards the maintenance of the milieu interior.

3. List the physiological principles underlying the pathogenesis and treatment of disease.

3. Distinguish between normal and abnormal data derived as a result of tests which he/she has performed and observed in the

At the end of the integrated teaching the student shall acquire an integrated knowledge of organ structure and function and its regulatory

1. Specific gravity, Packed cell volume, factors affecting & methods of determination. Plasma proteins - Types, concentration, functions &variations.

2. Erythrocyte - Morphology, functions & variations. Erythropoiesis & factors affecting erythropoiesis.

4. Haemoglobin - Normal concentration, method of determination & variation in concentration.

6. Anaemia - Definition, classification, life span of RBC’s destruction of RBC’s , formation & fate of bile pigments, Jaundice - types.

7. Leucocytes : Classification, number, percentage, distribution morphology, properties, functions & variation. Role of lymphocytes in immunity ,

8. Thromobocytes - Morphology, , number, variations, function & thrombopoiesis. Haemostatsis - Role of vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation

in haemostasis, coagulation factors, intrinsic & extrinsic pathways of coagulation, clot retraction.

9. Tests of haemostatic function, platelet count, clotting time, bleeding time, prothrombin time - normal values, method & variations. Anticoagulants -

10. Blood groups: ABO & Rh system, method of determination, importance, indications & dangers of blood transfusion, blood substitutes.

12. Body fluids : distribution of total body water, intracellular & extra cellular compartments, major anions & cations in intra and extra cellular fluid.

13. Tissue fluids & lymph : Formation of tissue fluid, composition, circulation & functions of lymph. Oedema - causes.

Classification of nerves, structure of skeletal muscle - Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction, neuromuscular transmission. Properties of skeletal

2. Salivary glands: Structure of salivary glands, composition , regulation of secretion & functions of saliva.

3. Stomach: Composition and functions of gastric juice, mechanism and regulation of gastric secretion.

4. Exocrine Pancreas - Structure, composition of pancreatic juice, functions of each component, regulation of pancreatic secretion.

5. Liver : structure , composition of bile, functions of bile, regulation of secretion

7. Small intestine - Composition, functions & regulation of secretion of intestinal juice.

9. Motor functions of GIT: Mastication, deglutition, gastric filling & emptying, movements of small and large intestine, defecation.

1. Structure & functions of kidney, functional unit of kidney & functions of different parts.

3. Formation of Urine : Glomerular filteration rate - definition, determination , normal values, factors influencing G.F.R. Tubular reabsorption -

Reabsorption of sodium, glucose, water & other substances. Tubular secretion - secretion of urea, hydrogen and other substances.

6. Micturition : anatomy & innervation of Urinary bladder, mechanism of miturition & abnormalities.

1. General endocrinology - Enumeration of endocrine glands & hormones - General functions of endocrine system, chemistry, mechanism of

2. Hormones of anterior pituitary & their actions, hypothermic regulation of anterior pituitary function. Disorders of secretion of anterior pituitary

4. Thyroid: Histology, synthesis, secretion & transport of hormones, actions of hormones, regulation of secretion & disorders, Thyroid function tests.

5. Adrenal cortex & Medulla -synthesis, secretion, action, metabolism, regulation of secretion of hormones & disorders.

2. Female reproductive system : Menstrual cycle, functions of ovary, actions of oestrogen & Progesterone, control of secretion of ovarian hormones,

tests for ovulation, fertilisation, implantation, maternal changes during pregnancy, pregnancy tests & parturition.

3. Lactation, composition of milk, factors controlling lactation, milk ejection, reflex.

10. Cardiac output: Definition, normal values, one method of determination, variation, factors affecting heart rate and stroke volume.

11. Arterial blood pressure: Definition, normal values & variations, determinants, regulation & measurement of blood pressure.

1. Physiology of Respiration : External & internal respiration. Functional anatomy of respiratory passage & lungs.

2. Respiratory movements: Muscles of respiration, Mechanism of inflation & deflation of lungs.

3. Intra pleural & intra pulmonary pressures & their changes during the phases of respiration.

5. Spirometry: Lung volumes & capacities definition, normal values, significance, factors affecting vital capacity, variations in vital capacity, FEV & its

The following list of practical is minimum and essential. All the practical have been categorized as procedures and demonstrations. The procedures are to

be performed by the students during practical classes to acquire skills. All the procedures are to be included in the University practical examination. Those

categorized as demonstrations are to be shown to the students during practical classes. However these demonstrations would not be included in the University

examinations but question based on this would be given in the form of charts, graphs and calculations for interpretation by the students.

2. West-Best & Taylor’s, Physiological basis of Medical Practise, 11th edition.

Carbohydrates: Definition, biological importance and classification. Monosaccharides - Isomerism, anomerism. Sugar derivatives, Disaccharides.

Polysaccharides. Structures of starch and glycogen. Lipids : Definition, biological importance and classification. Fats and fatty acids. Introduction to

compound lipids. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. Cholesterol. Bile salts. Micelle. Bimolecular leaflet. Proteins: Biological importance. Aminoacids:

Classification. Introduction to peptides. Proteins : Simple and conjugated; globular and fibrous. Charge properties. Buffer action . Introduction to protein

conformation . Denaturation.Nucleic acids: Building units . Nucleotides. Outline structure of DNA and RNA. High energy compounds: ATP ,

Energy needs: Basal metabolic rate. Dietary carbohydrates, fibres. Dietary lipids, essential fatty acids. Nitrogen balance. Essential amino acids. Protein quality

and requirement (methods for evaluation of protein quality to be excluded). Protein calorie malnutrition. Balanced diet. Enzymatic hydrolysis of dietary

carbohydrates. Mechanism of uptake of Monosaccharides. Digestion and absorption of triacylglycerols. Enzymatic hydrolysis of dietary proteins and uptake

Vitamins: Definition, classification, daily requirement, sources and deficiency symptoms. Brief account of water-soluble vitamins with biochemical functions.

Vitamins A functions including visual process. Vitamin D and its role in calcium metabolism. Vitamin E. Vitamin K and gamma carboxylation. Introduction to

Minerals :Classification, daily requirement. Calcium and phosphate: sources, uptake, excretion, function. Serum calcium regulation. Iron: sources, uptake and

transport. Heme and nonheme iron functions; deficiency. Iodine: Brief introduction to thyroxine synthesis. General functions of thyroxine. Fluoride: function,

Overview: Outlines of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle. Beta oxidation of fatty acids. Electron transport chain and oxidative

phosphorylation. Ketone body formation and utilisation. Introduction to glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, fatty acid synthesis, lipogenesis and lipolysis.

Gluconeogenesis. Lactate metabolism . Protein utilisation for energy. Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids. Integration of metabolism.

Importance of pentose phosphate pathway. Formation of glucuronic acid. Outlines of cholesterol synthesis and breakdown. Ammonia metabolism. Urea

formation. Phosphocreatine formation. Transmethylation. Amines. Introduction to other functions of amino acids including one carbon transfer.

Introduction to nucleotides; formation and degradation. DNA as genetic material. Introduction to replication and transcription. Forms and functions of RNA.

Genetic code and mutation. Outline of translation process. Antimetabolites and antibiotics interfering in replication, transcription and translation. Introduction

Enzymes: Definition, classification, specificity and active site. Cofactors. Effect of pH, temperature and substrate concentration. Introduction to enzyme

inhibitors, proenzymes and isoenzymes. Introduction to allosteric regulation, covalent modification and regulation by induction/repression.

Overview of hormones. Introduction to second messengers, cyclic AMP, calcium ion, inositol triphosphate. Mechanism of action of steroid hormones,

epinephrine, glucagon and insulin in brief. Acid base regulation. Electrolyte balance.

Connective tissue: Collagen and elastin. Glycosaminoglycans. Bone structure. Structure of membranes. Membrane associated processes in brief. Exocytosis

and endocytosis. Introduction to cytoskeleton. Myofibril and muscle contraction in brief.

Haemoglobin: functions. Introduction to Heme synthesis and degradation. Plasma proteins: classification and separation. Functions of albumin. A brief

account of immunoglobulins. Plasma lipoproteins: Formation, function and turnover.

Regulation of blood glucose. Diabetes mellitus and related disorders. Evaluation of glycemic status. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism: Biochemical

evaluation. Hyperlipoproteinemias and atherosclerosis, Approaches to treatment. Jaundice: Classification and evaluation. Liver function tests: Plasma protein

pattern, serum enzymes levels. Brief introduction to kidney function tests and gastric function tests. Acid base imbalance. Electrolyte imbalance: evaluation.

Gout. Examples of genetic disorders including lysosomal storage disorders, glycogen storage disorders, glucose 6phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency,

hemoglobinopathies, inborn errors of amino acid metabolism and muscular dystrophy ( one or two examples with biochemical basis will be adequate). Serum

SI. No.	Subject	Lecture Hours	Practical Hours	Clinical Hours	Total Hours
1	General Human Anatomy Including Embryology, Osteology And Histology	100	175	--	275
2	General Human Physiology	120	60	--	180
3	Biochemistry	70	60	--	130
4	Dental Anatomy Embryology and Oral Histology	80	120	--	200
5	Dental Materials	20	40	--	60
6	Pre clinical Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge	--	100	--	100
	Total	415	685	--	1100

SI. No.	Subject	Lecture Hours	Practical Hours	Clinical Hours	Total Hours
1	General & Dental Pharmacology and Therapeutics	70	20	--	90
2	General Pethology	55	55	--	110
3	Microbiology	65	50	--	115
4	Dental Materials	60	200	--	260
5	Oral Pathology and Oral Microbiology	25	50	--	75
6	Pre Clinical Prosthodontics & Crown and Bridge	25	200	--	225
7	Pre Clinical Conservative Dentistry	25	200	--	225
	Total	325	775	--	1100

SI. No.	Subject	Lecture Hours	Practical Hours	Clinical Hours	Total Hours
1	General Medicine	60	--	90	150
2	General Surgery	60	--	90	150
3	Oral Pathology and Oral Microbiology	120	80	--	200
4	Oral Medicine and Radiology	20	--	70	90
5	Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry	20	--	70	90
6	Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics	20	--	70	90
7	Periodontology	30	--	70	100
8	Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery	20	--	70	90
9	Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics	30	--	70	100
10	Prosthodontics & Crown and Bridge	30	--	70	100
	Total	410	--	750	1160

SI. No.	Subject	Lecture Hours	Practical Hours	Clinical Hours	Total Hours
1	Oral Medicine & Radiology	45	--	130	175
2	Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry	45	--	130	175
3	Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics	30	--	130	160
4	Periodontology	50	--	130	180
5	Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery	20	--	90	110
6	Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics	30	--	90	120
7	Prostodontics & Crown and Bidge	30	--	90	120
8	Public Health Dentistry	30	--	90	120
	Total	280	--	880	1160

SI. No.	Subject	Lecture Hours	Practical Hours	Clinical Hours	Total Hours
1	Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery	30	--	200	230
2	Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics	50	--	300	350
3	Prostodontics & Crown and Bridge	50	--	300	350
4	Public Health Dentistry	30	--	200	230
	Total	160	--	1000	1160

BACHELOR OF DENTAL SURGERY

SYLLABUS